Invariant algebras and major indices for classical Weyl groups


Given a classical Weyl group W, that is, a Weyl group of type A, B or D,
one
can associate with it a polynomial with integral coefficients ZW   given
by the ratio of the Hilbert series of the invariant algebras of the natural
action of W and Wt on the ring of polynomials C[x1, ...,xn]\otimes t.
We introduce and study several statistics on the classical Weyl groups of type
B and D and show that they can be used to give an explicit formula for
ZDn.
More precisely, we define two Mahonian statistics, that is, statistics having
the same distribution as the length function, Dmaj and ned on
Dn.
The statistic Dmaj, defined in a combinatorial way, has an analogous
algebraic
meaning to the major index for the symmetric group and the flag-major
index of Adin and Roichman for Bn; namely, it allows us to find an
 explicit formula for ZDn. Our proof is based on the theory of t-partite
partitions introduced by Gordon and further studied by Garsia and Gessel.

Using similar ideas, we define the Mahonian statistic ned also on Bn and we
find a new and simpler proof of the Adin-Roichman formula for ZBn.

Finally, we define a new descent number Ddes  on Dn so that the pair
(Ddes,Dmaj) gives a generalization to
Dn of the Carlitz identity on the
Eulerian-Mahonian distribution of descent number and major index
on the symmetric group.

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